Identify the following type of argument: If Frank goes to the store, then Ben will go to the library. Frank went to the store, so Ben went to the library. “It is possible for an argument to be valid and all the premises to be false. We know that the laws of logic are self-evident and undeniable because- Propositions are evaluated according to their- In a valid deductive argument the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises- Identify the fallacy: There are more churches in New York City than in any other city in the USA. New York City also has the highest amount of violent crime than any other city. It’s pretty obvious that to relieve the crime problem we should reduce the churches.- Identify the fallacy: He’s the third student I’ve caught cheating on the test. It just proves that you can’t trust students these days.- This fallacy occurs when an argument is distorted to an extreme and becomes a false imitation of the original argument One should avoid using emotional language in an argument as it usually distorts and misleads the argument:- The fallacy that applies a double standard without warrant is called:- In the best explanation approach, illumination- Tactically which of the following should we do first in our analysis of an argument:- Plausibility is the aspect of a best explanation approach that:- A positive/negative approach is the weakest approach to take in presenting an argument:- Of the two basic ways to structure an argument, the best way is to state the conclusion first and then offer the premises. An inductive argument include is measured in degrees of probability.- An argument where one gathers identical particular instances and arrives at a common conclusion.- The conclusion is the most important part of the argument.- Deductive arguments are judged as valid or invalid. Type of argument that begins with a problem with an unknown explanation, forms a theory and tests the theory.- Identify the following kind of argument: All philosophers are good looking. All good looking individuals are intelligent. Therefore all philosophers are intelligent. – A mixed hypothetical syllogism in which the premise denies the consequent is called- The first and perhaps most primary law of logic is: According to the reading, even God cannot create a contradiction. “The Latin phrase that means “it does not follow” is: This fallacy argues erroneously from the whole to each of the parts: A well-known fallacy that is usually the result of ambiguous grammatical construction is called: The fallacy of equivocation occurs when the meaning of a significant term changes in the middle of an argument.- Identify the fallacy: the Bible says we should do to others what we would have them to do for us. Therefore I have no problem sharing the questions and answers of this quiz with another student.” The explanation that can be understood with the least amount of effort, vagueness, and ambiguity has the best: One way to resolve the problem of conflicting authorities is to: The first element of a good argument is that it has: The principle of simplicity says we should try to simplify complex arguments. – Knowing the main point of the argument will help me find the conclusion. – An argument may be evaluated as “true” or “false”.- Invalid deductive arguments are the same as inductive arguments. – In a deductive syllogism, if the premises are true and the conclusion is true, then the argument is valid. –   If an argument is sound, it means- We know that the laws of logic are self-evident and undeniable because Propositions are evaluated according to their- If one agrees with the conclusion of an argument then it is a good argument No inductive argument can arrive at a logically certain conclusion, i.e. in which the conclusion is necessarily true. Slippery slope and straw man are really doing the same thing, just in a different order. A fallacy of ambiguity: This fallacy is sometimes referred to as the false dilemma: In the best explanation approach, illumination: Occam’s razor says: A best explanation approach is often the best way to argue because many issues in philosophy do not have perfect solutions: A sound deductive argument could be mostly valid: If you have enough evidence you can be logically certain of a conclusion arrived at inductively:

 By “Form” Plato is referring to the particular shape of an object of experience- Which of the following represents the key difference in though from Descartes to Bacon- Plato’s forms exist apart from the physical objects that they represent in the world experienced by our senses- Descartes believed that all men were born a tabula rasa- Hume was an example of a- The truth theory that holds that a proposition is true if it correlates with reality is the- By “noumena”Kant is referring to- Locke divided knowledge into matters of fact and relations of ideas- Scientific anti-realism is the view that science does not claim objects like electrons actually exist. They are just a fictional construct to explain how things work. This view fits best with which truth theory: According to the pointecast presentation on truth theories, Coherence is a sufficient condition for truth, but it is not a necessary condition for truth- All of our beliefs are on a par and enjoy the same statuses and same credentials- Generosity, compassion, and courage are examples of- True or False: We must work to sustain our gains in the moral and intellectual life, since regression is a real possibility- According to Wood, we exercise direct voluntary control over what we believe, but we cannot influence the process of belief formation, maintenance and revision- Those who are not called to an intellectual vocation are not called to pursue intellectual virtues- Which of the following is NOT an example of a communication virtue- Virtues pertaining to maintenance are- All intellectual virtues are clearly established as either acquisition virtues, maintenance virtues, communication virtues, or application virtues and do not overlap-  False A virtuous intellectual life is marked by-  Integrity W. Jay Wood argues that virtues are involuntary traits because they are deeply rooted in a person and come about naturally-  False Which of the following is NOT one of the five sources of knowledge listed in Dew & Foreman- The Aristotelian approach that Bacon critiqued was deduction- Which of the following represents the key difference in thought from Descartes to Bacon- Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that epistemologists are generally hesitant to accept testimony as a source of knowledge- Plato holds that we obtain knowledge- The elements of a proposition include- In the end Kant concluded- The one below that is Not one of the necessary criteria for the traditional definition of knowledge- The philosopher who believed we are born innate “categories of understanding” was- According to Plato, the process by which we know things in the world is called- Not all are called to pursue the intellectual virtues- Intellectual virtues include obtuseness, gullibility, dishonesty, and willful naivete- Those who are not called to an intellectual vocation are not called to pursue intellectual virtues- A distinctive aspect of a virtue approach to epistemology as opposed to other modern approaches is its-  Analyzing knowledge claims of virtuous individuals The point of the Mark Studdock story is to use Studdock as an example of someone who successfully applied the intellectual virtues- Traits such as obtuseness, gullibility, and close-mindedness are- What is the name of the subset of virtues that refers to imparting knowledge and information in a teacher-student situation Vices are settled traits of character that undermine human flourishing- A virtuous intellectual life is marked by- Emotions often not only motivate intellectually virtuous activity, but also accompany our acting out of the virtue and come about as a consequence of our having acted out of an intellectual virtue- For Hume, which of the following would be a matter of fact- Hume was an example of a- The philosopher who arrived at certainty through a process of doubting all of his knowledge was- Which of the following represents the key difference in thought from Descartes to Bacon- According to Plato, the process by which we know things in the world is called- “To affirm that something as true in a propositional form” is the definition of- An argument used by Descartes to prove God’s existence- In the end Kant concluded- Wood says that epistemologists often overlook the fact that we are embodied beings whose intellectual purchase on the world is mediated by our physicality- Which of the following is the reason for Mark Studdock’s failure according to Wood in Epistemology: Becoming Intellectually Virtuous- When we succeed in harmonizing the intellectually virtuous and morally virtuous aspects of our lives, we achieve what- God cares about  How  you think, not just what you think According to Wood, epistemology ought not be concerned merely with the piecemeal appraisal of individual beliefs but with that kinds of persons we are and are becoming- Virtues are properties, meaning we possess them even at times when we are not acting virtuously or overtly displaying them in some way According to the Christian way of looking at things, will not be the final subject of praise and blame. Having a photographic memory is an example of an intellectual-  skill Which of the following is NOT something we do with our beliefs, according to W. Jay Wood-  Suppress them

 The view in which the basing relationship between beliefs is deductive: According to externalism one must be aware of whether his cognitive processes are functioning properly or not. The doxastic assumption is: The areas on knowledge that Descartes doubted include: Christopher Columbus was convinced that he discovered a route to the East Indies because it lined up with his maps and the current beliefs of his day. However, he was wrong. This example demonstrates a problem with The means by which non-basic beliefs are inferred from basic beliefs (via deduction or induction) is called: Which of the following are NOT claims that the modest foundationalist retains from the strong foundationalist’s perspective?  The claim that there are no basic beliefs Thomas Reid argued that the laws of logic and mathematics are considered  Necessary  first principles Which of the following is NOT a condition that   strong   foundationalists claim will qualify a belief as properly basic? There is no appropriate stopped point to our justifications for our beliefs (i.e., each belief must be supported by some other belief with no end), according to which criticism of foundationalism? When Descartes employs systematic doubt against the beliefs he holds, he discovers that: Among some of the reasons why unmitigated skepticism is difficult for a person to consistently hold as a serious philosophical position is because: One of the philosophical benefits of skepticism is that: Robert is a scientist who firmly believes in empirical truths and the physical laws of causality (e.g. when he builds a fire in his fireplace, it will produce heat), but he expresses serious reservations about the rational credibility of whether there are objective moral virtues, such as goodness, or whether such a being as the traditional God of theism in fact exist. In such a case, Robert is expressing a form of: Metaphysical skepticism According to Dew and Foreman, most rational people believe that it is extremely rarely for our senses to mislead us:  False If Jacob thinks there is overwhelming evidence for the existence of God, especially in light of what he thinks is the apparent design and fine-tuning of the universe, but John claims that the obvious existence of evil argues against the rationality of Jacob’s belief in the existence of God, then John has: the existence of God. Those holding to some form of externalism in rationality tend to argue that, since it is impossible for persons to have any cognitive access to the reasons and evidence that support some of a person’s beliefs, internalists cannot be right with respect to their account of justification for all beliefs.

  The problem with W.K. Clifford’s statement “It is wrong always, everywhere and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence” is that

  If a person is a reliabilist in terms of rationality and epistemic warrant, in order to be considered rational about a belief that she holds, the person in question must at least: The internalist in terms of epistemic justification thinks that: When considering our noetic structure we recognize that we hold beliefs in varying degrees of strength. – True Karen says she doesn’t believe that you can ever have real knowledge. When asked if she claims to know that as a fact, she says no, but she believes that is the case. What category would you place her in:  Mitigated skeptic The view in which the basing relationship between beliefs id deductive:  Strong A major criticism that internalism raises against externalism is-  it never gives us certainty for our beliefs David Hume was a: Non-basic beliefs form the foundation of all that we believe, undergirding everything else we are justified in believing- Thomas Reid claimed that we must justify our basic beliefs: Reliabists argue that beliefs are epistemically warranted just so long as they are dependably produced: A kind of reasoning that often proceeds backwards from a known effect to some kind of explanation for the effect: Strong   foundationalists claim that the foundations of human knowledge must be unshakably certain and that the only way this certainty is transferred to non-basic beliefs is by the ordinary logical relations of deduction and induction. To say that it is impossible to have knowledge is itself a claim to knowledge, and is for that reason a self-defeating assertion: Which of the following is NOT commonly given by philosophers as a reason for adopting some form of skepticism: According to Dew and Foreman, most rational people believe that it is extremely rarely for our senses to mislead us: To suggest that we should suspend all judgments about any claim to knowledge, is to suggest a softer and mitigated form of skepticism in contrast to its more unmitigated expressions: What is the point of Descartes’ evil demon argument Select the one below that is NOT a difficulty with W.K. Clifford’s approach to evidentialism: If an individual is an externalist in terms of epistemic warrant, then that person thinks that: If a person is a reliabilist in terms of rationality and epistemic warrant, in order to be considered rational about a belief that she holds, the person in question must at least:   The problem with W.K. Clifford’s statement “It is wrong always, everywhere and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence” is that: While Clifford’s form of evidentialism may have its difficulties, most contemporary epistemologists agree that it is, at the very least, not a self-defeating position, and this is part of what makes it a good option for epistemic justification:

1. The ________ claims that it is wrong to reason about religion, but one must just believe and have faith.

2 The weak foundationalist believes that basic knowledge must be absolutely certain.

3 Philosophy of religion and natural theology are identical disciplines.

4 According to Evans, philosophy of religion may be engaged in by thinkers who are not themselves religious at all.

5 Theology is an activity carried on outside of a religious tradition.

6 Open Theism claims that God is indeed omniscient, but lacks knowledge of future free choices in his creatures.

7 ________ is the dominant view of God in three of the world’s great religions: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam:

8 An argument is _____________ whenever the conclusion must be true if the premises are true.

9 Theism holds that God is a _________ being? his non­existence is not possible:

10 It is a requirement of freedom that one possess alternate probabilities, meaning that in order to act freely, there must be more than one thing to do.

11 What philosopher argued: God is, by definition, a being who does not merely happen to exist? if God exists at all, then his existence is necessary?

12 _________ arguments are also known as first­cause arguments because they attempt to infer that God must exist as the first cause of the universe.

13 A divine command theory cannot account for individual obligations.

14 Since God is the greatest possible being, it is impossible for God to exist only in the understanding of the fool. Who argued this position:

15 Which argument is often referred to as the argument from design:

16 “Nescience” refers to something that exhibits intelligence in design but is not intelligent itself.

17 According to Craig, if there is not God, ultimate meaning is lost.

18 According to Craig, atheists like Camus and Russell are inconsistent to promote love and brotherhood.

19 In the end, according to Craig, the dilemma for the atheist is:

20 To say that my case for God’s existence is ‘defeasible’ is to say:

1 Weak foundationalism claims that some of our knowledge is fallible and subject to revision.

2 _______ theology is where the theologian attempts to say what can be known about God or things divine, without committing to a specific religion.

3 According to Evans, philosophy of religion may be engaged in by thinkers who are not themselves religious at all.

4 If Miranda chooses to simply write off any criticisms of her religious views as simply being the product of coming from non­believers, she is acting like:

5 Fideists argue that to think rightly about religious matters, one should put aside all religious commitments and be completely neutral.

6 Dualists believe in one God.

7 Theism holds that God is a _________ being? his non­existence is not possible:

8 If theism is true, then Christianity must be true.

9 Agnosticism actually denies the existence of God.

10 What is the term used to describe God’s awareness of future events, including the future choices that humans will make?

11 According to Evans, it is the popularity of evolutionary theory, more than anything else, that has eroded the credibility of the traditional teleological argument.

12 Naturalism claims that one should be moral because it is one’s best interest to be moral.

13 What philosopher argued: God is, by definition, a being who does not merely happen to exist? if God exists at all, then his existence is necessary?

14 The atheist must argue more than the possibility that God does not exist in order to overcome the ontological argument.

15 Which view interprets moral obligations in terms of social approval and disapproval?

16 A minimalistic concept of God argues for a merciful God.

17 According to Craig, if there is not God, ultimate meaning is lost.

18 In the end, according to Craig, the dilemma for the atheist is:

19 According to Craig, atheists often respond to the idea that without God life has no value by inconsistently finding value in the pursuits and activities of life.

20 To say that my case for God’s existence is ‘defeasible’ is to say:

1 Philosophy of religion attempts to answer such questions as, “Why does God allow suffering?”

2 According to Evans, a person doesn’t need to be completely neutral about religion in order to objectively consider arguments for and against it.

3 Weak foundationalism claims that some of our knowledge is fallible and subject to revision.

4 If Miranda chooses to simply write off any criticisms of her religious views as simply being the product of coming from non­believers, she is acting like:

5 According to Evans, the testing of religious beliefs is likely to be easier than the testing of scientific theories.

6 Which solution to the divine foreknowledge versus human freedom problem claims that God possessed some knowledge prior to creation that he used to decide how to create the world?

7 Agnosticism actually denies the existence of God.

8 Theists hold that God is __________, meaning he is present everywhere by virtue of his activity and knowledge.

9 Some theists teach that God is _________, meaning that God is unchangeable.

10 Dualists believe in one God.

11 This type of argument attempts to show that the very idea of God somehow implies that God actually exists.

12 Which argument is often referred to as the argument from design:

13 Many argue that the universe has been __________ because the odds that a single universe just happening to have a combination of certain values that makes life possible are infinitesimally small:

14 According to Evans, a necessary being is the only kind of being whose existence requires no further explanation.

15 The ________ says that there are no real moral obligations. When a person says an act is wrong, he is expressing his individual feelings about the act.

16 The moral argument claims that if objective moral norms exist, then God must exist because objective morality entails a moral law maker.

17 According to Craig, believing that objective meaning, value, and truth exist in a universe that ultimately is meaningless and without value is

18 In the end, according to Craig, the dilemma for the atheist is:

19 The fine­tuning of the universe is evidence supporting the:

20 To say that my case for God’s existence is ‘defeasible’ is to say:

1 If Miranda chooses to simply write off any criticisms of her religious views as simply being the product of coming from non­believers, she is acting like:

2 According to strong or classical foundationalism, in order to know something, one must have a conclusive reason for thinking it is true.

3 Fideism claims that _______ is the precondition for any correct thinking about religion.

4 What view holds that genuine religious knowledge must consist of truths that are known with absolute certainty?

5 _______ theology is where the theologian attempts to say what can be known about God or things divine, without committing to a specific religion.

6 Naturalism entails ________ because the naturalist does not believe in anything divine or supernatural beyond nature.

Question 7 Dualists believe in one God.

8 ________ is the dominant view of God in three of the world’s great religions: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam:

9 If theism is true, then Christianity must be true.

10 Which view recognizes a plurality of gods, but restricts allegiance to one god?

11 Which argument is often referred to as the argument from design:

12 The cosmological argument and the teleological argument complement each other and therefore could be viewed as part of a general case for the plausibility of theism.

13 Non­temporal versions of the Cosmological argument contend that the universe had to have a beginning, with a cause being necessary to explain its existence in the first moment.

14 Many argue that the universe has been __________ because the odds that a single universe just happening to have a combination of certain values that makes life possible are infinitesimally small:

15 The ________ says that there are no real moral obligations. When a person says an act is wrong, he is expressing his individual feelings about the act.

16 The fine­tuning of the universe is evidence supporting the:

17 “Nescience” refers to something that exhibits intelligence in design but is not intelligent itself.

18 A minimalistic concept of God argues for a merciful God.

19 According to Craig, if there is not God, ultimate meaning is lost.

20 To say that my case for God’s existence is ‘defeasible’ is to say:

1 What is one of the two alternatives to the consequentialist response to moral dilemmas of trying to minimize the bad and maximize the good, do deontologists provide?

2 Which ethic presupposes that no universal and lasting structures to human life exist:

3 If love is regarded as a _________________ principle, then it needs to ground the principle of _________________ on more than simply utility.

4 Which of these is not one of Holmes’ aspects of moral reasoning for Christians?

5 What is the highest end for Christians?

6 Which of these is not an example of how Aristotle viewed virtues as relative to excess and deficiency?

7 Which one of the below is NOT what Eudaimonia means:

8 Which of the following is not one of Plato’s four cardinal virtues:

9 Stanley Hauerwas has stressed the crucial role of Christian ____________ in moral formation.

10 According to Aristotle, the less virtuous are simply weak­willed people who act out of ignorance and need education.

11 Ethical egoism seeks a social order where conflicting self­interests can be brought together in a peaceable and orderly way.

12 The fact that we cannot logically derive ethical conclusions from merely empirical observations is called:

13 A person wants to attend seminary to become more knowledgeable about the Scriptures and theology than others while earning a prestigious graduate degree. But this person also wants to become a pastor and be able to serve others with their education. Which philosopher would be most supportive of this desire?

14 Holmes states that a non­consequential decision is needed as to the _______ of consequence we are to seek.

15 What process did Jeremy Bentham propose to quantify pleasure versus pain with regards to which action one should take:

16 Pragmatic means:

17 Some deontologists equate the right with the good.

18 That which has value in and of itself:

19 According to deontology, what justifies the means:

20 Consequentialism is not interested in keeping rules at all.

1 Which of the following is not an examples of a moral dilemma?

2 Holmes believes that the Bible comes closer to intuitionism than to natural­law theories.

3 Holmes arguments in favor of a natural law approach to Christian Ethics include:

4 Which of these is not one of Holmes’ aspects of moral reasoning for Christians?

5 _______________ provide an objective, as opposed to a subjective, basis for moral knowledge.

6 Which of the following is NOT a way virtues affect moral decision making?

7 According to Aristotle, the less virtuous are simply weak­willed people who act out of ignorance and need education.

8 Which of the following is not one of Plato’s four cardinal virtues:

9 What did Thomas Aquinas say is needed along with habituation of the virtues:

10 What does Aristotle call the ability to choose what is right in the face of morally wrong options or temptation?

11 Utilitarianism is concerned with consequences, but seemingly ignores moral integrity, which is concerned with motives and actions:

12 Which of these is NOT one of Holmes’ conclusions concerning ethical egoism?

13 Which of the following is NOT a question regarding the conflict between distributive justice and equal rights?

14 What is the problem with regards to individual egoism retreating into universal egoism?

15 Which is NOT a problem with psychological egoism that Holmes points out:

16 According to deontology, what justifies the means:

17 Deontology would include which of the following ideas:

18 Some deontologists equate the right with the good.

19 The goal of consequentialism is:

20 That which has value in and of itself:

1 What is the highest end for Christians?

2 Which of the following is NOT on the four ingredients in an ethical theory?

3 If love is regarded as a _________________ principle, then it needs to ground the principle of _________________ on more than simply utility.

4 Which of the following is not a problem with regards to Common Morality?

5 The Ten Commandments are an example of:

6 What does Aristotle call the ability to choose what is right in the face of morally wrong options or temptation?

7 The Enlightenment period developed a far more ___________ psychology in which a clear and distinct understanding has the power to overrule and subdue our _________________.

8 What did Thomas Aquinas say is needed along with habituation of the virtues:

9 Which of the following is NOT a way virtues affect moral decision making?

10 Stanley Hauerwas has stressed the crucial role of Christian ____________ in moral formation.

11 The fact that we cannot logically derive ethical conclusions from merely empirical observations is called:

12 What process did Jeremy Bentham propose to quantify pleasure versus pain with regards to which action one should take:

13 Which is NOT a problem with psychological egoism that Holmes points out:

14 Which of these is NOT one of Holmes’ conclusions concerning ethical egoism?

15 I will donate one hundred dollars to my church because it makes me feel good and others will be grateful for what I did. This is an example of:

16 Which view is rule oriented:

17 The view that says the goal of ethics is doing the right:

18 The goal of consequentialism is:

19 Deontology is only interested in keeping rules and does not care about results.

20 Some deontologists equate the right with the good.

1 What is one of the two alternatives to the consequentialist response to moral dilemmas of trying to minimize the bad and maximize the good, do deontologists provide?

2 _______________ varies significantly from person to person and culture to culture, seeming to depend on moral training and cultural conditioning.

3 Holmes arguments in favor of a natural law approach to Christian Ethics include:

4 How do justice and love contribute to each other?

5 Which of the following is not an examples of a moral dilemma?

6 Holmes states that diversity of virtues of different traditions are relative and therefore ultimately cannot support the idea of a virtue ethic based upon common humanity and objective facts that lie beneath all local traditions.

7 “A virtue ethic based on our ________________ is therefore about objective facts that lie beneath all local traditions.”

8 How do virtues relate to God:

9 Which of the following is not one of Thomas Aquinas’ theological virtues?

10 Which of the following is not one of Plato’s four cardinal virtues:

11 Which best explains the step from psychological fact to ethical ought:

12 Utilitarianism is concerned with consequences, but seemingly ignores moral integrity, which is concerned with motives and actions:

13 Which of the following is NOT a question regarding the conflict between distributive justice and equal rights?

14 Ethical egoism seeks a social order where conflicting self­interests can be brought together in a peaceable and orderly way.

15 What process did Jeremy Bentham propose to quantify pleasure versus pain with regards to which action one should take:

16 Pragmatic means:

17 That which has value in and of itself:

18 According to deontology, what justifies the means:

19 Some deontologists equate the right with the good.

20 The goal of consequentialism is:

Assistnace Quiz Question 1 1 Which Following Statements True About Ethical Decision Making

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