Research Paper Outline

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1. Introduction
   1. Cloud Computing Concepts
   2. Difference between cloud computing and traditional IT servicing
   3. Description of report structure
2. Cloud Computing Models
   1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
   2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
   3. Software as a Service (SaaS)
3. Misconceptions on Cloud Computing
4. Conclusion
   1. Benefits of Cloud Computing
   2. Challenges of Cloud Computing
5. Reference List

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 1. Introduction

I. Cloud Computing Concepts

Cloud computing, often referred to simply as “the cloud”, is the use of the Internet to deliver on-demand computing resources on a pay-for-use basis. It involves the use of the internet to store and access programs and data instead of doing the same on a personal computer’s hard drive. Metaphorically, the cloud is just the Internet and is based on the concept of cloud service models. A cloud service model is a set of services that are IT-related and is offered by a cloud services vendor, often known as a cloud provider. The cloud provider has the responsibility of providing a cloud consumer with cloud resources. The supply of the resources is done based on a predefined service agreement mutually agreed upon by the provider and the consumer. It is the provider who administratively maintains and manages the cloud infrastructure such that the consumer gets enough time to focus on other areas of their business. There are majorly three cloud service models: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS).

II. Difference between Cloud Computing and Traditional IT Servicing

The first difference between cloud computing and traditional IT servicing comes in their resilience and elasticity. The cloud evenly distributes the applications and information it hosts across all the servers. The connection of the servers is such that they function as one. This means that the cloud experiences no downtime or data loss even if one server fails. On the same note, the cloud ensures fast performance of applications and software by offering more server resources and storage space (LeadingEdge, 2017, p.1). On the other hand, traditional IT systems are less resilient and cannot be consistent in offering high server performance. They are subject to downtime and have limited capacity.

Another difference lies in the flexibility and scalability of the two systems. In cloud computing, unlimited storage space is guaranteed thanks to the on-demand virtual space. Contrastingly, in traditional IT infrastructure, one may only rely on the resources that are already available to them. Depending on the traffic level on a website, cloud servers can scale down or up. This is not possible in traditional IT systems. The two systems further differ in terms of automation. Hill et al. (2012, p.106) point out that in cloud computing, the storage provider manages cloud hosting and oversees the care, security, and smooth running of the entire system. In traditional IT, heavy in-house administration is required for the management of data centers. In terms of security, traditional IT may be more secure than cloud computing since data protection rests with the owner. In cloud computing, data storage is offered by an external provider hence can seem less secure.

III. Description of Report Structure

The remainder of this report covers the cloud computing models, misconceptions on cloud computing, and conclusion. Under cloud computing models, the report discusses the following services: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). It then identifies and clarifies five misconceptions about cloud computing. It concludes by looking into and summarizing the benefits and challenges of cloud computing.

2. Cloud Computing Models

I. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a cloud service model that uses the Internet to provide virtualized resources of computing. In an IaaS model, all infrastructure components including storage, servers, software, and hardware are hosted by a third-party provider on behalf of the users. Users’ applications are also hosted by IaaS providers. In addition, such tasks as resiliency and backup planning and systems maintenance are the responsibility of providers in this model (Rafaels, 2015, p.47). The resources offered by IaaS platforms are highly scalable and their adjustment can be done on-demand. This implies that IaaS can effectively handle workloads that are subject to unexpected change and are experimental or temporary. IaaS has such other characteristics as policy-based services, desktop virtualization, dynamic scaling, and automation of administrative tasks (Rafaels, 2015, p.47). Customers of this model are charged on the basis of per-use, typically by the month, week, or hour. Customers may also pay on the basis of the virtual machine space amount they use. The need for capital expenses for installing in-house software or hardware is eliminated by this pay-as-you-go model. It however lies upon users to ensure they do not get charged for unauthorized services by constantly monitoring their IaaS environments.

Users of IaaS services may experience difficulties in systems monitoring and management given that the infrastructure is owned by IaaS providers. The workloads of users may also be affected in the event that an IaaS provider experiences downtime (Hill et al., 2012, p. 111). Examples of IaaS include internal business networks, virtual data centres (VDCs), and cloud hosting (Interoute.com, 2017, p.1). Internal business networks enable businesses to run applications and store data by making use of pooled networking and server resources. As a business grows or expands, it may use the networks to scale its infrastructure. A VDC is a virtualized network of virtual servers which are interconnected in such a manner as to enhance integration of operations, enterprise IT infrastructure, and capabilities of cloud hosting. Cloud hosting refers to the use of virtual servers to host websites.

II. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Platform as a service (PaaS), as defined by Faynberg, Lu and Skuler (2016, p. 172), refers to a cloud computing category that provides a platform through which users may conduct the development, running, and management of applications without having to undergo the complex process of building and maintaining the infrastructure that is usually needed for app development and launching. There are two ways of delivering PaaS. First, a provider can deliver it as a public service. In this case, the provider supports the hosting of the consumer’s application by providing the database, middleware, operating system, storage, servers, networks and other services. On their part, the consumer controls the deployment of the software. PaaS may also be delivered as a private service in the form of an appliance or software. In this case, the appliance or software is embedded inside the firewall.

There are three major types of PaaS: public, private, and hybrid PaaS. As explained by Faynberg, Lu and Skuler (2016, p. 172), public PaaS is situated between IaaS and SaaS and is derived from SaaS. The hosting of SaaS takes place in the cloud so that it does not eat into a company’s servers or the user’s computer hard drive. IaaS makes available, with adjustable scalability, virtual hardware from a provider. The user would still have to oversee the management of the server in IaaS. On the contrary, the provider does server management in PaaS. Some of the providers of public cloud PaaS on commercial terms include Heroku, Amazon AWS, and IBM Bluemix. A private PaaS can be installed in a public PaaS or on on-premise infrastructure of an organization after being downloaded. The private PaaS forms a single hosting platform by arranging the application and components of the database. It does this once it is available in a single or more computers. Providers of private PaaS include Pivotal Cloud Foundry, Red Hat’s OpenShift, and Apprenda. According to Rittinghouse and Ransome (2016, p.78), hybrid PaaS emanates from a combination of public and private PaaS. IBM Bluemix is an example of this type of PaaS.

III. Software as a Service (SaaS)

Software as a Service (SaaS) is a model of software distribution whereby applications are hosted and availed to customers by a third party provider through the Internet. With SaaS, there would be no need for organizations to use their own data centres or computers to install and run applications. This way, an organization does not have to grapple with the expenses of acquiring, installing, and supporting software as well as acquiring, provisioning, and maintaining hardware (Rouse, 2016, p. 1). The SaaS model also has the following benefits: flexible payments, scalable usage, automatic updates, accessibility and persistence. However, Rouse (2016, p. 1) also notes that there are shortcomings associated with this model. The major disadvantage in this respect emanates from the fact that organizations must depend on the services of outside vendors for software provision and maintenance. In addition, the security of a company’s business data lies in the hands of the outside provider. As such, the ability of a customer to use SaaS offerings without disruptions can be negatively affected by providers who are prone to security breaches, unwanted changes, and service disruptions.

SaaS operates on the aspect of accelerated feature delivery. This implies that compared to traditional software, SaaS applications are usually updated on a more frequent basis. The updates may be done monthly or even weekly. There are several factors which make this possible, one of which is the central hosting of the application, which implies that the provider decides and executes an update. Another factor is that the development testing of the application can be done faster thanks to its single configuration. The single version of the application also implies that resources are not used by the provider in ensuring that backdated versions of the software are updated and maintained. The frequent updating of SaaS applications is also facilitated by the ability of the provider to access all regression testing, expediting design, and customer data (Rittinghouse and Ransome, 2016, p. 86). Further, the vendor uses web analytics to assess the behavior of users within the SaaS application and identifies improvement areas in the process.

3. Misconceptions on Cloud Computing

One of the misconceptions on cloud computing is that security concerns are no longer a problem. However, as warned by McKendrick (2014, p. 1), security should still be given keen consideration when making cloud decisions. This is because the use of cloud services does not guarantee 100% security. Besides, security lies in the hands of the provider in cloud systems. It however does not imply that customers should automatically go for private cloud. This is because providers of public cloud are on course of strengthening their security architecture. As a matter of fact, they are investing significantly in this respect. They intend to incorporate the applications of private and public cloud and come up with the hybrid cloud system which is considered safer than public cloud.

Another misconception on cloud computing is that cloud is still under experimentation by enterprises. Well, the truth is that enterprises are making heavy investments in cloud. 58% of companies have a tenth of their annual information technology budgets going into cloud computing services (McKendrick, 2014, p. 1). This means that enterprises are no longer experimenting but are fully adopting cloud services so as to benefit from their many business benefits. ““Today 56% of enterprises consider cloud to be a strategic business differentiator that enables operational excellence and accelerated innovation”” (McKendrick, 2014, p. 1). The experimentation phase is gone and now it is about using cloud services to gain strategic and competitive business advantage.

There is also a misconception that once a company virtualizes its servers, it will be well placed to succeed in the cloud. This is wrong and misleading. Taking a process in the cloud is one task; ensuring that it functions properly all the time is another. Virtualization only ensures that a business task is in the cloud. For success to be guaranteed, the functioning of the virtualized server needs to be supported by an automated management infrastructure. In the event that this infrastructure fails at any time, the server would be severely affected and would not function to the expectation of a business or company. This is why there would be need for a company to carefully choose their cloud services vendor (Magoules, Pan and Teng, 2016, p. 112). This misconception is closely connected to another misconception that all an organization needs so as to save money on its information technology needs is a cloud (Magoules, Pan and Teng, 2016, p. 112). It is true that a company may experience a lot of flexibility in its budget by using the cloud given that the computing power used can easily be adjusted by the cloud. However, a company’s return on cloud investment could be diminished if it lays its focus on cost alone. This would especially be the case if the company fails to look into ways through which it could make new cloud technologies significantly efficient. In other terms, cloud computing could be costly if it lacks features to make it operate more efficiently.

It is also widely misconceived that the cloud becomes useless if the Internet strength goes down or completely fails. As noted by Josyula, Orr and Page (2012, p. 167), users of cloud computing very well know that their cloud computing services could be jeopardized by failure in internet connection. As such, they would always prepare accordingly. Companies usually do this by ensuring that they have a backup connection with another provider. As a matter of fact, the contemporary business world makes it a necessity for all businesses to see to it that they have a connectivity “safety net” that serves as their backup. It would be less sensible for a business to see its operations come to a halt because of such expected circumstances as Internet failure.

4. Conclusion

I. Benefits of Cloud Computing

One of the benefits of cloud computing is that it is flexible. It allows a business to scale up or down their cloud capacity depending on their needs. Cloud computing also assists small businesses in disaster recovery. According to Erl, Puttini and Mahmood (2013, p. 304), “small businesses are twice as likely as larger companies to have implemented cloud-based backup and recovery solutions that save time, avoid large up-front investment and roll up third-party expertise as part of the deal”. Cloud also comes with automatic software updates. As such, businesses do not have to worry about resources and time required for the updates.

Another benefit is that through cloud computing, a company does not have to incur the high hardware costs. It only has to pay subscription fees and continue enjoying cloud services. Erl, Puttini and Mahmood (2013, p. 304) further explain that cloud computing enhances collaboration. Organizational teams would be well placed to work and achieve more together if they can access, use, and share organizational resources wherever they are at any given time. In addition, cloud computing makes it possible for one to work from anywhere as long as they are able to access the Internet. This way, a company could allow its employees to telecommute to work. Further, cloud computing significantly reduces risks of data loss. Since data storage takes place in the cloud, the loss of a computer or a storage kit would not affect it.

II. Challenges of Cloud Computing

One of the major challenges of cloud computing is security and privacy issues. After adopting the cloud system, a business would have its corporate data reside outside its organizational firewall. The information may be exposed to hacking and other forms of attack. Interoperability and portability are other challenges. A company would have to ensure that its on-premise IT can easily integrate with cloud computing services before going to the cloud. The lock-in period as applied by cloud vendors also makes it difficult for businesses to switch providers. Another problem is that the reliability and availability of cloud services cannot be guaranteed. Vendors still do not have ways through which they can ensure round-the-clock services. As such, users are exposed to frequent outages. Inasmuch as cloud software applications makes it possible for businesses to save money on hardware, businesses still have to incur bandwidth cost (Jamsa, 2012, p. 203). Applications that are data-intensive would especially call for significantly high costs.

5. Reference List

Erl, T, Puttini, R and Mahmood, Z 2013, Cloud computing: Concepts, technology & architecture, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Faynberg, I, Lu, H, and Skuler, D 2016, Cloud computing: Business trends and technologies, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.

Griffith, E 2016, What Is cloud computing?, [online] PCMAG, Available at: http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2372163,00.asp [Accessed 26 May 2020].

Hill, R, Hirsch, L, Lake, P, and Moshiri, S 2012, Guide to cloud computing: Principles and practice, Springer Science & Business Media, Heidelberg.

Ibm.com, 2017. IBM – What is cloud computing?. [online] Ibm.com. Available at: https://www.ibm.com/cloud-computing/learn-more/what-is-cloud-computing/ [Accessed 26 May 2020].

Interoute.com, 2017. What Is IaaS?. [online] Interoute. Available at: http://www.interoute.com/what-iaas [Accessed 26 May 2020].

Jamsa, K 2012, Cloud computing, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Burlington, MA.

Josyula, V, Orr, M, and Page, G 2012, Cloud computing: Automating the virtualized data center, Cisco Press, Indianapolis, IN.

LeadingEdge, 2017. Cloud computing vs. traditional IT infrastructure. [online] LeadingEdge IT Services & Solutions. Available at: https://www.leadingedgetech.co.uk/it-services/it-consultancy-services/cloud-computing/how-is-cloud-computing-different-from-traditional-it-infrastructure/ [Accessed 26 May 2020].

McKendrick, J 2014, 5 common misconceptions about cloud computing, dispelled. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/joemckendrick/2014/03/26/5-common-misconceptions-about-cloud-computing-dispelled/#322907862bdd [Accessed 26 May 2020].

Magoules, F, Pan, J, and Teng, F 2016, Cloud computing: Data-intensive computing and scheduling, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Rafaels, R 2015, Cloud computing: From beginning to end, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

Rittinghouse, JW and Ransome, JF 2016, Cloud computing: Implementation, management, and security, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Rouse, M 2016, What is Software as a Service (SaaS)?,  [online] SearchCloudComputing, Available at: http://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Software-as-a-Service [Accessed 26 May 2020].

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